Tooth Decay

Demineralisation: In this initial stage, acids from plaque bacteria start to erode the enamel, the tooth’s hard outer layer. White spots may appear, indicating mineral loss.

Enamel Decay: As demineralisation continues, the enamel breaks down further, leading to the formation of tiny cavities. At this stage, the damage is still confined to the enamel.

Dentin Decay: If untreated, the decay reaches the dentin, the softer layer beneath the enamel. This stage can cause increased sensitivity to hot, cold, and sweet foods and drinks.

Pulp Damage: The decay progresses to the tooth pulp, which contains nerves and blood vessels. This can lead to severe toothache and infection, often requiring root canal treatment to save the tooth.

Abscess Formation: In the final stage, an abscess may form at the tooth’s root, causing intense pain and swelling. This serious infection can spread to surrounding tissues and even other parts of the body if not promptly treated.

Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing allow plaque to build up on your teeth. Plaque contains bacteria that produce acids, which attack the enamel and cause decay.

Diet High in Sugars and Carbohydrates: Consuming foods and beverages high in sugar and starches, such as sweets, soft drinks, and bread, can increase the risk of tooth decay. These substances provide the bacteria in plaque with the fuel they need to produce decay-causing acids.

Lack of Fluoride: Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen enamel and make it more resistant to decay. A lack of fluoride, whether from not using fluoride toothpaste or from insufficient fluoride in your drinking water, can increase the risk of cavities.

Dry Mouth: Saliva helps wash away food particles and neutralise acids produced by bacteria. A lack of saliva can lead to a dry mouth, increasing the risk of tooth decay. Dry mouth can be caused by certain medications, medical conditions, or even dehydration.

Frequent Snacking and Sipping: Constantly snacking or sipping sugary drinks throughout the day gives bacteria in your mouth a steady supply of sugar to convert into acids, increasing the risk of decay.

Age and Genetics: Some people may be more prone to tooth decay due to their genetic makeup or age. For instance, older adults may have receding gums, which expose more of the tooth to potential decay.

Tooth Sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks is often one of the first signs of tooth decay. This occurs when the enamel starts to wear away, exposing the underlying dentin.

Toothache: Persistent pain in your tooth can indicate decay. The pain may be constant or occur only when eating or drinking something hot, cold, or sweet.

Visible Holes or Pits: As decay progresses, you might notice visible holes or pits in your teeth. These cavities can be seen as dark spots on the tooth surface.

Staining on the Tooth Surface: Dark spots or stains on your teeth can be a sign of decay. While these stains might initially appear as white spots, they can darken as the decay worsens.

Bad Breath: Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth can be caused by tooth decay. The bacteria in the mouth produce unpleasant odours and tastes as they break down food particles.

Swelling or Pus Around a Tooth: In advanced stages, decay can lead to infection, causing swelling or pus around the affected tooth. This is a serious condition that requires immediate dental attention.

Brush Regularly: Brush your teeth at least twice a day using fluoride toothpaste. Make sure to brush all surfaces of your teeth and spend at least two minutes each time. The Australian Dental Association recommends brushing for two minutes, twice a day.

Floss Daily: Flossing removes plaque and food particles from between your teeth and under the gumline, areas where your toothbrush can’t reach. Daily flossing is crucial in preventing decay and gum disease.

Use Mouthwash: An antimicrobial mouthwash can help reduce bacteria in your mouth, further protecting your teeth from decay. Look for a mouthwash that contains fluoride for added protection.

Limit Sugary Foods and Drinks: Reduce your intake of sugary and starchy foods, as these can provide fuel for the bacteria that cause tooth decay. Opt for healthier snacks like fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

Drink Plenty of Water: Drinking water helps wash away food particles and bacteria, keeping your mouth clean. Water that contains fluoride can also help strengthen your enamel.

Regular Dental Check-Ups: Visit your dentist regularly for check-ups and professional cleanings. Your dentist can detect early signs of decay and provide treatments to prevent it from worsening. We recommend visiting your dentist every six months for a check-up.

Consider Dental Sealants: Dental sealants are thin, protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth. They can help prevent decay by shielding these vulnerable areas from plaque and acids.

Chew Sugar-Free Gum: Chewing sugar-free gum can stimulate saliva production, which helps neutralise acids and wash away food particles. Look for gum that contains xylitol, a natural sweetener that can help prevent decay.

Fluoride Treatments: For early stages of tooth decay, fluoride treatments can help restore enamel and reverse cavities. Your dentist might apply a concentrated fluoride gel, foam, or varnish to the affected teeth.

Dental Fillings: When decay has progressed beyond the initial stage, fillings are the most common treatment. The decayed portion of the tooth is removed, and the cavity is filled with materials such as composite resin, amalgam, or porcelain.

Dental Crowns: For more extensive decay or weakened teeth, a crown might be necessary. A crown is a custom-fitted cap that covers the entire tooth, restoring its shape, size, and function. The decayed portion is removed, and the tooth is shaped to fit the crown, which is then cemented into place.

Root Canal Treatment: If decay reaches the pulp (the tooth’s inner layer containing nerves and blood vessels), a root canal may be required. This procedure involves removing the infected pulp, cleaning the root canals, and sealing them to prevent further infection. The tooth is then typically restored with a crown.

Tooth Extractions: In cases where the tooth is too damaged to be repaired, extraction may be necessary. After removal, options for replacing the missing tooth include dental implants, bridges, or dentures to restore function and appearance.

Dental Sealants: While often used as a preventive measure, dental sealants can also be applied to teeth that have minor decay to protect against further damage. Sealants act as a barrier, preventing food particles and bacteria from accumulating in the grooves of the teeth.